【摘要】利用和技术开发的网站新闻管理系统，实现了网站新闻的动态管理，使得对信息的管理更加及时、高效，提高了工作效率。同时对系统的开发原理、系统的功能特点和设计方案进行了介绍。
【关键词】新闻管理数据库
随着internet的普及，越来越多的企业建立了自己的www网站，企业通过网站可以展示产品，最新动态，与用户进行交流和沟通，与合作伙伴建立联系，以及开展电子商务等。其中新闻管理系统是构成企业网站的一个重要组成部分，它担负着双层作用，一方面可以用来动态有关新产品或新开发项目，另一方面又可以及时向顾客公告企业经营业绩、技术与研发进展、特别推荐或优惠的工程项目、产品和服务，从而吸引顾客，扩大顾客群。
传统的网站新闻管理方式有两种，一是静态html页面，更新信息时需要重新制作页面然后上传页面并修改相应链接，这种方式因为效率太低已不多用。二是基于asp和脚本语言，将动态网页和数据库结合，通过应用程序来处理新闻，这是目前较为流行的做法。但是由于asp本身的局限性使得系统有一些不可克服的缺陷，而采取了技术的系统性能上有了很大的改善，其主要表现在以下几方面：
1．由于asp页面每次打开都必须经过先编译后解释的过程，所以页面在反复打开时速度没有任何提升，而页面只需要一次编译后不需要重新编译，直到该页面被修改或web应用程序重新启动。这使得在多次访问时速度有了极大的提升。
2．由于asp没有提供任何输出数据为内容的元件，所以在使用asp撰写数据库页面时只能借助ado的recordset对象逐笔读取记录，而通过提供的datagrid等数据库元件可以直接和数据库联系。
3．支持应用程序的实时更新。管理员不必关掉网络服务器或者甚至不用停止应用程序的运行就可以更新应用文件。应用程序文件永远不会被加锁，因此甚至在程序运行时文件就可以被覆盖。当文件更新后，系统会温和地转换到新的版本。
4．采取"code-behind"方式编写代码使得代码更易于编写，结构更清晰，降低了系统的开发与维护的复杂度和费用。
1系统的开发原理
1.1基于技术的系统结构模型
结构是一个三层系统：ui层、业务逻辑层和数据层，如图1所示。
图的系统结构模型
ui层负责与用户交互，接收用户的输入并将服务器端传来的数据呈现给客户。
业务逻辑层负责接收浏览器传来的请求并将请求传给数据层，同时将请求处理结果发给浏览器。它由web表单、xmlweb服务和组件服务组成。其中web表单是应用程序的核心所在，它是向客户呈现数据和信息的基础，也是响应和处理客户与显示的web表单交互生成的信息和数据的基础。
数据层是通过操纵数据为事务逻辑层提供数据服务，如存储数据操作结果、返回数据检索结果等。
访问数据库的原理
与数据库相连，提供了如下3种方式：通过odbc相连；通过oledb相连；直接与sqlserver相连。3种方式由于应用层次的差异，使得效率由低到高，独立性由高到低。对于相连数据库的数据处理，也有2种方式，即一种是通过dataset来隔离异构的数据源，另一种是以流方式从数据源读取(datareader方式)。
传统的应用程序是通过先建立到数据库的连接，在程序的整个运行过程中维护连接的方式来设计的。采取了断开连接方式的数据结构。当浏览器向web服务器请求网页时，服务器处理这个请求，并将所请求的网页发送给浏览器，然后连接就被断开，直到浏览器发出下一个请求。
的另一个创新是引入了数据集(dataset)。一个数据集是内存中提供数据关系图的高速缓冲区。数据集对数据源一无所知，它们可以由程序或通过从数据仓库中调入数据而被生成、填充。不论数据从何处获取，数据集都是通过使用同样的程序模板而作的，并且它使用相同的潜在的数据缓冲区。
2系统的功能设计
2.1系统的功能结构
该新闻管理系统可以在windows2000server操作系统平台上运行，web服务器为iis，数据库服务器为microsoftsqlserver2000，开发工具采用的和dreamweaver。图2给出系统的功能结构图。其工作流程为：用户登录通过权限判断，普通用户只能浏览、阅读和查询新闻，注册用户除了可以完成普通用户的操作外，还可以进入新闻管理模块进行新闻录入、修改和删除的操作。注册用户除系统管理员外只能对自己录入的新闻进行删改操作。
2.2系统的功能特点
（1）操作简单、界面友好：完全控件式的页面布局，使得新闻的录入工作更简便；许多选项包括新闻类别、来源部门等只需要点击鼠标就可以完成；另外，跟踪出现的提示信息也让用户随时清楚自己的操作情况。
（2）即时可见：对新闻的处理（包括录入、修改、删除）将立即在主页的对应栏目显示出来，达到"即时、即时见效"的功能。
图2系统功能结构图
（3）功能完善：包括常见网站的新闻管理的各个方面：新闻录入、浏览、删除、修改、检索等各个方面，完整地实现了网站对即时新闻的管理要求。
（4）方便移植：针对不同的企业，只需要稍作修改就可以开发出适合本企业特点的网站新闻管理系统！
3系统的详细设计
系统的主要功能是通过几个功能模块来实现的。具体的设计过程如下：
⑴系统登录：该模块负责将用户分为普通用户和注册用户来实现用户权限的管理。
⑵新闻浏览：该模块负责分页列出网站所有新闻的信息，包括标题、类型、来源部门字段及日期，每条新闻的标题被做成一个超链接，点击它们就能跳转页面进行新闻阅读。
⑶新闻阅读：在其他页面中点击标题链接即进入新闻阅读页面，此时，每条新闻的详细信息将被取出，包括内容、标题、关键字等，并按照相对固定的格式放置在页面的不同区域，所有新闻使用大致相同的页面布局，只是各字段对应的内容不同而已，另外，页面其它位置，可以动态放置其他元件，如网站标志logo、页面广告banner等链接图片，这样可以很容易地实现图文并茂的阅读效果。
⑷新闻查询：该模块提供了新闻查询功能，输入待查找的内容及选定分类信息可以快速地找到符合条件的新闻，并输出查询结果。
⑸新闻管理：该模块负责分页罗列登录的注册用户曾过且未删除的新闻信息，用户可以对该条新闻进行删除、修改。非新闻者除系统管理员外不具有对该条新闻的处理权限，所以不同用户进入此页面将显示不同的内容。
⑹新闻录入和修改：注册用户录入一条新闻所需要的内容，包含标题、关键字、类型、来源部门、日期等，同时从登录模块得到用户名，这些信息将被写入数据库中保存。该模块还负责编辑状态下的更新，这时，它将根据取得的title字段值对页面控件初始化。
下面以系统登录页面的编写为例给出主要事件和函数，说明该系统的开发过程。
//isreguserok函数：判断用户是否已经注册和密码是否正确
publicboolisreguserok()
{
stringname=textboxname.text.trim();
stringpwd=textboxpassword.text.trim();
//建立/打开数据库连接
sqlconnectionconn=newsqlconnection();
conn.connectionstring="server=(local);uid=sa;pwd=;database=jxdb";
conn.open();
//建立sql字符串
stringsql="select*fromregwherename=''''"+name+"''''";
sqldatareaderdr;
sqlcommandcmd=newsqlcommand(sql,conn);
dr=cmd.executereader();
//保留用户注册与否信息
boolisreguserexist=dr.read();
//关闭datareader
dr.close();
//取得用户名的密码
stringsqlboth="select*fromregwherename=''''"+name+"''''";
sqlboth+="andpwd=''''"+pwd+"''''";
sqlcommandcmdboth=newsqlcommand(sqlboth,conn);
sqldatareaderdrboth;
drboth=cmdboth.executereader();
//保留用户名+密码同时存在信息
boolisbothexist=drboth.read();
//关闭datareader
drboth.close();
conn.close();
//判断用户是否注册
if(!isreguserexist)
{
response.write("<script>alert(''''此用户尚未注册！'''')");
returnfalse;
}
//判断用户名与密码是否一致
elseif(!isbothexist)
{
response.write("<script>alert(''''用户名和密码不一致,不能进入！'''')");
returnfalse;
}
else
returntrue;
}
最后给出系统后端数据存储方案：
利用microsoftsqlserver2000建立数据库及其存储过程。这里给出两个必需的数据表，一是数据表news包含的字段有：编号、姓名、标题、关键字、内容、类型、来源部门和日期。字段说明如下：
二是数据表reg包含的字段有：编号、姓名、密码、所属部门、电子邮箱和电话。字段说明如下：
参考文献
[1]天极网新技术研究室.《完全入门》.重庆出版社,2001
[2]scottworley著.《技术内幕》.王文龙刘湘宁译.人民邮电出版社,2002
如何提高电子商务网站顾客忠诚
在电子商务里，品牌忠诚不是一个流行的概念，在网络概念最火爆的时候，很少有人去关注品牌忠诚，如今，网络步入寒冬，电子商务网站是开始培养品牌忠诚的时候了。
没有品牌忠诚，就是最好的电子商务设计都可能遭到失败。网上顾客的价值有两方面：随着时间的延长，顾客的花费也成倍增加；除了购买量提高，忠诚顾客还会经常推荐新顾客进来，这也是提高利润的重要源泉之一，一些零售网站也设计了一些办法让进入站点的顾客向朋友推荐，这样得来的顾客就不费什么成本，如果这样获得的顾客越多，网站就能缩短亏本期，越早步入赢利时期。
Ebay可以说是电子商务的领导者，尤其是从忠诚顾客的推荐行为当中获取利润方面，它很成功，它有50%的顾客会向别人推荐Ebay。
一、驱动网上品牌忠诚的主因素：信任
获得顾客忠诚的第一步就是要获得他们的信任，这在传统商业中也是一样的，但在网络上，业务处理是虚拟的，看不见的，它的不确定性和风险也更大，顾客不能看见销售小姐的笑容，不能看见具体的办公设备，如果顾客不相信你的形象和承诺，他就会到别的地方购买。对经常网上购物、交易的人调查发现，他们认为网站能赢得他们的交易的最重要的特性是“我知道它并且信任它”，所有其他的特性如“低价格”、“最广泛的选择余地”却远远地排在了后面，价格并没有主宰电子商务，真正的主宰者是信任。
因为信任，网站可获得顾客资料，以建立良好关系
当顾客相信一个网上卖主时，他们就愿意告诉对方自己的信息，这样，网站就可以与顾客建立起亲密的关系，并根据顾客的个性偏好度身订做，而这样的关系又会增加信任和忠诚度。这样一个良性循环很快就会使网站长久地超越对手。亚马逊就是通过创造最可信赖的形象来取得在线书市的统治地位的，数百万的消费者很舒服地把自己的名字、地址、和信用卡号码提交给订购系统，他们回来不仅仅是买书，还有CD、光盘、硬件和其他种种产品，假如消费者不信任亚马逊，或害怕信用卡号码泄露或其他，那他们决不会把个人信息与人分享。而1999年，媒体披露亚马逊为它的据称中立的书籍评论而接受出版商的补偿金时，消费者就不再相信它了。
真正为顾客利益着想才能取得信任
另一个很好的培养、利用忠诚的网站是VanguardGroup，该公司是过去十年增长最快的共有基金，如今管理着5000亿美元的资产，它投入1亿美元发展它的站点，Vanguard从来不利用网站来大力宣传它的产品，而是利用网络来通知和教育它的客户，有时候甚至引导人们不要购买什么基金。当你点击页面，经常会看到“谨慎投资于某基金”的警告，你还可能受到这样的信息：告诉你某基金快要分红了，建议你推迟投资以避免担上税收责任；当某基金最近特别强势时，它会提醒你也许这样的势头不会维持很久，小心下跌。这样的行为与大多数基金公司截然相反，他们只会引诱投资者投资热门基金。Vanguard于是与客户建立起了牢固的关系，并赢得了利润。
让信誉公开传播
为了奖励信誉，有些网站建立了严格的管理，每次交易结束买者和卖者都互相评价，这些评价被公布在站点上，每个成员的名声就成为众所周知的了，因此它赢得了顾客忠诚。
二、如何研究忠诚策略？
实际上，在因特网这个匿名空间，比传统商业更容易了解顾客的购买历史、他们的喜好。在传统的店铺里，除非消费者买了什么，否则你一点也不了解他，但在网上虚拟空间里，他们的购买模式是透明的，他的一举一动都被记录下来。由于网络的种种优越性，可以说，网站有前所未有的机会和技术来培养顾客忠诚。我们应该多研究顾客为什么留下来了，为什么走了，而不要一味地把思维固定在扩大站点的容量和访问量上。
研究显示，目前网上销售只开发了消费者30%的购买潜力，而美国在线却是个例外，它非常慎重地测量它的顾客忠诚度和购买模式，并用这些信息去指导网站在战略、市场营销、和站点设计，虽然它的获得顾客的方法有点向地毯式轰炸，但它是建立在对不同消费者群体的保留率分析和生命周期的经济分析基础上的方法，AOL做了很多关于吸引消费者的程序的小规模测试，同时也投入大量的资金去吸引并留住有长远价值的顾客。它在客户服务中心的投入从来不吝啬，不去降低服务能力以降低服务成本。它的中心任务是提高服务的方便性，以吸引更多的求便利的顾客。公司研究顾客忠诚后发现，当AOL成为日常生活的一部分时，消费者要不断地修改他们的帐目，因此公司加强了服务软件的日历和日程安排等跟踪功能，当顾客用得越多，就越离不开AOL。
戴尔计算机公司在这方面也很优秀，它有专门的部门和负责的副总也管理顾客忠诚，它的一位副总PaulBell说：“每个公众公司每个季度都会向它的股东汇报业绩，但很少有公司用一系列的标准每个月每个季度都跟踪监测顾客的
了。”在研究了顾客保留方面的数据后，戴尔计算机公司发现驱动品牌忠诚的几个关键因素：定单履行、产品表现、过去的销售服务与支持。并对每个因素进中总结统计。比如：定单履行，测量定制服务按时准确到达顾客的百分比；产品表现，测量顾客遇到的产品问题的频率；服务与支持，测量第一次服务按时到达率和成功率，公司建立了跟踪统计分析系统，每天总结上传并与所有员工共享，以资提高。
许多在顾客忠诚方面做得很好的公司的另一个绝招是关心拥有产品和服务的相关成本，戴尔公司计算出顾客买戴尔的产品所需要的成本：下定单，安装，运行，服务，布置和必要的软件。这些成本哪些是付给戴尔的，哪些是付给别的公司的，这些信息将引导公司投资新的产品和服务。戴尔公司这样做既为公司创造了新的收入来源，又为顾客减少了购买戴尔产品的总的相关成本，这极大地提高了品牌忠诚。
跟踪顾客忠诚的价值在于超越时髦发现忠诚的原因，通过对优秀电子商务站点消费者购买模式的研究发现，有五个方面是极其重要的：高质量的顾客服务、及时送到、引人注目的产品介绍、方便、合理的送货及产品价格、清晰而值得信任的隐私政策
三、吸引目标消费者的方法
网上市场也要细分，因为任何消费者都可以在任何时间、地点上网，所以网站运营者很容易犯吸引尽可能多的用户的错误，尤其是前一段时间投资界对网络的狂热更加速了人们犯这样的错误，他们认为，网上销售应该推荐给尽可能多的顾客，接下来就毫无差别地争取顾客，同时以页面访问量、单一的访问者数量、和销售量来衡量成功与否。而实际上，认真选择目标消费群体这一促成成功的基础性工作却被忽略了。没有消费者区隔的话，建立品牌忠诚的工作就非常困难，用户希望网站设计得越简单越好，能很快登陆，但是，用户越多、越广泛，站点就会越复杂，你必须做所有的工作去满足所有的消费者，不同的技术嗜好、不同的服务要求、不同的价格敏感度，以及千差万别的品牌偏好。还要不断地添加新的特点和功能，结果，网站就很难进入，也很难查找信息。
另一个做电子商务的通病就是只关注流量统计，前面的图表对电子商务的经济生命周期的分析表明，顾客必须在一个站点停留2—3年，公司才开始回收前期的投资，然而我们发现大约有50%的用户不到三年就走人了，因此网站追求抓住尽可能多的用户而忽视建立长期关系是没有经济价值的。Vanguard的经验表明：通过培养强烈的忠诚可以创造低成本优势。
在网站设计上，Vanguard主张一切以核心顾客为主，它不提供象其它站点那样复杂的交易容量，它只迎合传统的、保守的客户，它的典型客户一年只交易3—4次。
在鉴别哪些消费者该抓住方面，第一步要做的是评估不同类别的在线消费者，一般而言，大多数在线购物者都对价格比较敏感，但对大多数单身来说，恐怕是“方便第一”，研究发现，他们与网站交易的出发点就是要使生活更容易，他们愿意为取得方便而多付一点，他们有价格理性，但决不会过度看重价格。还有一群人非常看重品牌，他们也喜欢稳定、长期的关系。因此，流失的客户并不一定就是因为价格，公司应该认真分析、思考。
网站的设计与营销方法对进入站点的消费者类型有很大的影响，研究发现，在同样的市场内，网站竞争者之间的消费者群体有很大的差别。一些网站吸引了大量的有忠诚倾向的顾客，而有些网站则吸引了一批到处跳来跳去的价格敏感者，例如，有一个领导性的杂货公司75%的新顾客是不愿意建立长期关系的，而它的竞争者却有75%的新顾客是以方便为取向和受品牌购影响的买者。忠诚者一般通过推荐找到网站，而在各站点之间游荡的人比较容易受打折信息影响而进入站点。
2. Current situation and features of company website translation 2
2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2
2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3
2.3 Features of company website translation 4
3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6
3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8
3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8
3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9
3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13
4.1 Functional translation errors 13
4.1.1 Problem of length 13
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15
4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16
4.2.1 Spelling errors 16
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17
4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18
4.3 Cultural translation errors 19
5. Conclusion 20
Acknowledgements 21
References 22
1．Introduction
Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.
And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.
2. Current situation and features of company website translation
In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.
2.1 Current situation of company website translation
Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.
Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.
2.2 Samples of famous foreign website
There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.
Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.
Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.
(heritage.coca-cola.com/)
Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.
The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.
Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)
As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.
2.3 Features of company website translation
First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules. Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.
At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.
3. The Skopos theory and company website translation
A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.
3.1 Introduction of skopos theory
The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.
Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.
It requires that a good translation be:
[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;
[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;
[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;
[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed;
[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;
[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;
.
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory
During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.
3.2.1 Functional translation errors
Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .
Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.
The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.
3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors
Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳头产品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳头产品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].
Example[3]: 三十年纺织品和服装出口经验，质量第一，信誉第一，友情第一，重合同，守信用，始终如一。(ex.cn)
Original version：Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.
Revised version：The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.
Example[4]: 集“中国驰名商标”、“中国名牌”、“国家免检产品”和“国家出口商品免验”等荣誉于一身的特步(中国)有限公司，位于福建省泉州市经济技术开发区。(xtep.com.cn/)
Original version：Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:
Revised version：Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone.
3.2.3 Clutural translation errors
What does the word “culture” mean？As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.
In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.
Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.
Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.
In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.
Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.
As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龙的传人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龙” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龙” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外贸企业为龙头” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.
Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.
Example[5]: 该厂能生产大衣、西装、时装、衬衣、毛衣等不同类型服装用的上千个花色品种的纽扣，产品规格齐全，品种繁多，造型新颖。(lxbutton.com/)
Original version：The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.
Revised version：The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.
It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province
There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.
4.1 Functional translation errors
4.1.1 Problem of length
The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.
Example [6]: 进入新世纪后，娃哈哈已拥有了雄厚的产品自主研发能力和技术创新能力，在雄厚的资金保障下，通过引进国际最先进的生产设备技术，进行消化、吸收、再创新，使公司拥有强大的核心竞争能力。同时，通过自主开发营养快线等系列创新产品，广开销路，实现科学发展，行业龙头地位日益稳固。目前，娃哈哈正在不断扩大投资规模，不断自主创新，向着世界500强企业的目标阔步前进！(划线部分为错误点）(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)
Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.
We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再创新”,“自主研发能力和技术创新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:
Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。
Example [7]: 东方机械位于风景秀丽、物产丰富、经济发达、文化繁荣，素有江南“鱼米、皮革之乡”美称的钱塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)
Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish，Rice and Leather"，with beautiful scenery，rich products，flourishing economy and prosperous culture.
Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”（we can just delete the underlined part)
Example [8]: 2003年初，公司为满足国内市场对专用车的需要，及时调整产品结构并成立的专用车公司，在做稳、做强客车的同时，投巨资实施专用车项目，精心打造有洛阳宇通特色的专用车产品，本着“低端切人、高端占领”的原则，经过精心筹备，四大系列产品即混凝土搅拌车系列、散装水泥车系列、加油车系列、洒水车系列一经投放市场，便以其全新的设计、优美的造型、细腻的工艺赢得了市场的青睐。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)
Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.
Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern
In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.
Example [9]: 引进大量的科技管理人才,成立“真爱集团人才联谊会” 形成“重知识，重人才” 的良好气氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)
Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.
Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.
Example [10]:
(1)医德医风
Medical ethics
(2)全体员工精诚团结，上下一心
All the staffs unite absolute sincerity
(3)上有上策，下有下策，有令不行，有禁不止。
Disobey orders and defy prohibition.
In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“风”. The Chinese“精诚团结”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.
Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“进入饭店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “进入饭店，带来…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.
4.2 Linguistic translation errors
A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).
4.2.1 Spelling errors
Example [11]: 本公司始终坚持以“质量为本，科技创新，优质服务，环保产品”为发展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)
Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Example [12]:“成功电子” 以拥有您的支持而自豪，并有信心通过我们不断的努力使您以使用“成功电子” 产品而骄傲。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation
Example[13]: 公司自创办以来,不断扩大规模,更新产品的种类。欢迎各中外客商前来共创商机! (rx-china.com/)
Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.
Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!
Example [14]: 本公司经营的产品广泛用于通讯设备、家用电器、仪器仪表、数码产品行业、电子玩具以及工业自动化设备等各种领域, 在电子行业有很高的声誉。(zszyss.com/)
Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.
Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation
Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘扬、推广中华优秀传统文化和与之相结合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有关部门指定为外交部国礼系列图书国内外主要发行单位之一。(zylp.com/)
Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .
Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Example [16]: 百果园占地面积20 亩,花园式布局,生产车间4800m²,设有原料、粗加工、成品、包装、冷藏、锅炉等生产车间。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)
Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.
Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.
4.2.4 Illogical arrangement
Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.
Example [17]:(本单位)成立于1988年,是经国家建设部批准,专业从事地基与基础工程施工的壹级企业。(richelevator.com/hz/)
Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.
Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.
Example [18]: 公司非常重视对员工队伍素质的培训工作,专门成立了人力资源部,对员工进行操作技术、专业技能、安全生产、市场意识、产品质量等方面的培训。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.
Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.
4.3 Cultural translation errors
When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.
Example[19]: 公司于2000年顺利通过ISO9001: 2000版国际质量体系认证，形成了一套完整的质量保障体系，2002年11月被中国轻工业质量认证中心授予 “环保陶瓷”称号。(.cn/)
Original version：the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.
In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版国际质量体系认证，“环保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.
5．Conclusion
It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.
In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.
However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.
Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
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诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文《外贸公司网站英译研究之目的论视角》均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。
随着Internet在中国的迅速发展，人们日常生活中越来越多地使用这项新的技术来为自己的工作和学习服务.由于WEB页面能把文本、图像、声音、动画、视像等多种媒体信息集于一体，不但使信息的显示更加生动，而且使信息的浏览更为方便，同时WEB页能实现网上交易平台、客户信息反馈方便了企业与客户之间信息交流，因此许多企业纷纷建设网站以增强企业知名度.
柳州华力网站主要介绍柳州华力的有关信息，并用PHP+MYSQL架设用户登陆以及客户信息反馈，使客户信息第一时间反馈给企业，拉近企业与客户之间的距离。本篇论文是对我设计的网站的一点论述，主要论述了柳州华力网站建设规划的主体思想、利用PHP+MYSQL数据库实现用户登录和信息反馈，以及在设计过程中所遇到的要点、难点等。
关键字：网站规划、PHP+MYSQL数据库
Abstract
With the rapid development of Internet technique in China ，more and more people use the new tech as a tool severing their life and study . Because WEB page can collect text， image， sound， animation， video together.and the hypertext property of homepage can not only make the display of information pages lively， but also make the browse of information more convenient.So，Many enterprises also make their publications online .
This page
Keyword: WEB SITE DESIGN、PHP+MYSQL Datebas
目 录
1 . 绪论
1.1 . 互联网现状
互联网的快速发展使企业可以实现快捷的信息传送以及直接的客户介入，但企业中各个系统的相对独立性使信息渠道比较混乱。企业系统中各类人员的信息渠道多种多样，互不兼容，没有一个统一的应用界面让系统使用者可以根据自己的需要获得想要的信息，这不利于电子商务应用模式的建立和开展。如何通过建立一个单独的界面给企业遍布全球的现实客户、潜在客户、供应商、雇员和合作伙伴提供全面的企业信息和应用呢？于是企业门户（Enterprise Portal）诞生了，并成为一个新的热点。
1.2 . 如何定义企业门户
目前，尚不能准确地对企业门户下一个完整的定义，企业门户与IT业有些名词一样，不同的专业人士和机构对之有不同的理解，并有很多术语用于描述企业为其客户、合作伙伴和员工的方便而采用的"门户"，如企业门户、社团门户、员工门户等。同时根据应用的具体功能不同又把企业门户细分为信息门户、知识门户和应用门户等，并且这种划分方法已逐渐得到认可。下面介绍一下这3类门户。
1.2.1 . 企业信息门户
企业信息门户（Enterprise Information Portal，EIP）的基本作用是为人们提供企业信息。企业信息门户提供了一个了解企业的访问入口，所有访问者都可以通过这个入口获得个性化的信息和服务。对企业来说，信息门户既是一个展示企业的窗口，又可以无缝地集成企业的内容、商务活动及社区等，动态地存储在企业内部和外部的各种信息，同时还可以支持网上的虚拟社区。企业信息门户强调对结构化与非结构化数据的收集、访问、管理和无缝集成，这类门户必须提供数据查询、分析和报告等基本功能，企业员工、合作伙伴、客户及供应商都可以通过企业信息门户方便地获取自己所需的信息。
1.2.2 . 企业知识门户
企业知识门户（Enterprise Knowledge Portal，EKP）是一个平台，该平台是知识加工平台、决策平台、知识与获取平台的集成，它使企业各部门职员之间的信息共享和交流更加流畅。这里的"知识"不仅包括数据库、文档、企业政策方针和过程手续等，甚至包括存在于员工头脑中的工作经验与专业技能等非具体化的信息资源。
企业知识门户是企业信息门户的延伸与发展。信息门户的重点是信息的收集、整理及传输，有效利用企业已有的信息、知识和公共关系，并能收集、分析、增值、共享信息和知识。企业知识门户的重点是企业信息的加工与处理。企业知识门户的目的是使恰当的人在恰当的时间使用恰当的知识，企业信息门户主要通过数据挖掘、数据加工技术使零散的信息成为知识，供决策支持服务。
1.2.3 . 企业应用门户
企业应用门户（Enterprise Application Portal，EAP）实际上是对企业业务流程的集成。它以商业流程和企业应用为核心，把商业流程中功能不同的应用模块通过门户技术集成在一起。从某种意义上说，我们可以把企业应用门户看成是企业信息系统的集成界面，企业员工和合作伙伴可以通过企业应用门户访问相应的应用系统，实现移动办公，进行网上交易等。
以上3类门户虽然在侧重点有所不同，但随着企业信息系统复杂程度的增加，越来越多的企业需要能够将以上3类门户有机地整合在一起的通用型企业门户，这已是一种趋势，我们在这里把它们统一称为企业门户。
最后，让我们试图通过企业门户的作用来帮助读者理解企业门户的定义。维持客户的最基本战略因素是企业整体强大、互利关系网，包括客户、供应商、合作伙伴和员工本身。这些关系的培养主要通过各方之间的相互沟通和信任感--即各方及时收到相关信息、信息准确并且服务最优。企业门户被认为能够满足这种需要，通过使用户利用方便、可靠的工具接入实现有效的信息交换。或者说，企业门户能为用户提供建设信息型企业网站的应用，包括网站生成、信息、信息管理、信息反馈、网站管理等系统，实现企业网上形象展示及对外沟通的需求。
1.3 . 有无必要建立企业门户
在国外，特别是在美国，实施企业门户战略已经被列入了许多大企业的日程表中。与国外相比，国内了解企业门户概念的企业十分少，而计划建立企业门户的企业就更加微乎其微。但是，互联网在国内的发展速度相当迅速，中国企业建立自己的门户网站，为自己的客户、员工和商提供综合性服务的重要性不言而喻。
从网络经济的特点来看，速度和知识是网络经济的两大支柱。首先，企业只有借助于网络才能获得发展的先机，这就要看谁能够以最迅捷的动作联系客户、供应商和商，组织生产和销售。毫无疑问，企业门户是实现上述目标最有力的手段。
从资源利用的角度来看，企业门户是以最小可能成本，实现最大程度开发利用现有资源目标的可行途径。首先，企业门户将本需要占用多台不同硬件系统的应用集成到较少的系统设备上，从而节约硬件的投入。其次，减少了多种未经集成的应用软件的总体维护成本。除了新设立的企业，其他实施企业门户的企业都已有多种应用系统和以数据库、文档等形式存储的信息资源。这些资源往往条块分割，分散维护成本高昂。新的企业门户将现有的资源加以整合，并经过一定的处理，最后集成到企业门户这样一个统一的平台上，提供给更多的用户。由于它的继承和集成，企业可以实现集中维护，从而降低维护成本。第三，企业门户采用高效的互联网作为信息传输的工具，相比建设或租用线路价格低廉，同时减少了人力投入。第四，企业门户的实施可以改进企业的供应链管理，企业门户能够帮助企业实现真正意义上的零库存。
由此看来，企业尤其是大中型企业，不论是从节约成本角度还是从提高竞争力角度考虑，建立企业门户都是有效的方法。
1.4 . 如何建立企业门户
既然企业门户功效如此之大，那么企业要想建立企业门户应该如何去操作？一般来说，企业要成功地部署企业门户可按照如下几方面进行。
1.4.1 . 前期准备工作
企业在建立企业门户之前，要进行大量的信息调查工作，弄清楚企业的商业信息是如何使用的。对于大多数企业而言，这意味着要进行商业信息应用的调查和研究。调查的目的是了解谁使用信息，信息是如何使用，以及信息如何流入和流出。
1.4.2 . 产品与技术的选择
在进行完信息的使用调查之后，企业就要选择门户产品和技术。门户软件不仅要满足商业信息和应用访问的需要，还要满足事先定义的技术层面（如协议）的要求。目前，由于有相当数量的公司推出了企业门户解决方案，这为企业提供了较大的选择余地。但不可否认，目前企业门户的产品良莠不齐，功能和所采用的技术差别较大，如何正确选择适合自身企业需要的企业门户产品是一门学问，本栏目下期对此进行讨论。
1.4.3 . 企业门户的建设
选好技术和产品，接下来就是建设了。这方面需要注意的是企业信息要集成到门户有关目录之下，或安排在某个主题里，以便用户可以容易地找到所需要的信息。信息的组织及个性化，应用和服务以能够满足用户的需求为目的。
1.4.4 . 推广使用企业门户
企业门户建好了，并不意味着工作就完成了，因为建企业门户的目的是让其发挥作用。接下来就是让更多相关的用户群体来了解和使用它。在这个阶段，个性化是举足轻重的。个性化的目的是针对合适的用户群，如营销分析、财务分析、经理或商业伙伴，合理地将门户信息、应用和工具进行有针对性的设计。
2 . 网站规划设计要点
因特网正在改变世界，它促成了网络经济雏形的形成，特别是电子商务正由新概念走向实用化。由于因特网具有传播信息容量极大、形态多样、迅速方便、全球覆盖、自由和交互的特点，已经发展成为新的传播媒体，所以全球几乎各个企业、机构纷纷建立自己的Web站点。
Web站点是向用户或潜在客户提供信息(包括产品和服务)的一种方式。其文档所包含的内容是由被称为超文本(HyperText)的文本、图形图象、声音，甚至电影等组成。使这些超文本能够有机地关联并可使浏览器识别，是通过HTML语言(HyperText Markup Language超文本标记语言)实现的。同时CGI(Common Gateway Interface公共网关接口)能使Web具有交互功能。Web站点指引用户浏览该站点或其他站点上的分页信息，可以通过表格和电子邮件的连接提供双向交互方式。站点建立后，你的企业就在国内、甚至在国际上有了一席之地，有了每周7天、每天24小时的“虚拟门市部”。网站是未来企业开展电子商务的基础设施和信息平台，它是“知识经济”的制高点，企业的网址犹如企业的商标和品牌一样，是反映企业形象和文化的巨大的无形资产。
因此企业网站规划必须注意以下八个方面：
2.1 . 目标明确、定位正确
Web站点的设计是企业或机构发展战略的重要组成部分。要将企业站点作为在因特网－－这个新媒体上展示企业形象、企业文化的信息空间，领导一定要给予足够的重视，明确设计站点的目的和用户需求，从而作出切实可行的计划。
挑选与锤炼企业的关键信息，利用一个逻辑结构有序地组织起来，开发一个页面设计原型，选择用户代表来进行测试，并逐步精炼这个原型，形成创意。
分析有些网站的效果不如预想的好，主要原因是对用户的需求理解有偏差，缺少用户的检验造成的。设计者常常将企业的市场营销和商业目标放在首位，而对用户和潜在的用户的真正需求了解不多。所以，企业或机构应清楚地了解本网站的受众群体的基本情况，如受教育程度、收入水平、需要信息的范围及深度等，从而能够有的放矢。
2.2 . 主题鲜明、富有特色
在目标明确的基础上，完成网站的构思创意即总体设计方案。对网站的整体风格和特色作出定位，规划网站的组织结构。
Web站点应针对所服务对象（机构或人）不同而具有不同的形式。有些站点只提供简洁文本信息；有些则采用多媒体表现手法，提供华丽的图像、闪烁的灯光、复杂的页面布置，甚至可以下载声音和录像片段。最好的Web站点将把图形图像表现手法与有效的组织与通信结合起来。
要做到主题鲜明突出，力求简洁，要点明确，以简单明确的语言和画面告诉大家本站点的主题，吸引对本站点有需求的人的视线，对无关的人员也能留下一定的印象。对于一些行业标志和公司的标志应充分加以利用。
调动一切手段充分表现网站的个性和情趣，突出个性，办出网站的特色。
Web站点主页应具备的基本成分包括：
页头：准确无误地标识你的站点和企业标志；
E-mail地址：用来接收用户垂询；
联系信息：如普通邮件地址或电话；
随着Internet在中国的迅速发展,人们日常生活中越来越多地使用这项新的技术来为自己的工作和学习服务.由于WEB页面能把文本、图像、声音、动画、视像等多种媒体信息集于一体，不但使信息的显示更加生动，而且使信息的浏览更为方便,同时WEB页能实现网上交易平台、客户信息反馈方便了企业与客户之间信息交流，因此许多企业纷纷建设网站以增强企业知名度.
柳州华力网站主要介绍柳州华力的有关信息，并用PHP+MYSQL架设用户登陆以及客户信息反馈，使客户信息第一时间反馈给企业，拉近企业与客户之间的距离。本篇论文是对我设计的网站的一点论述，主要论述了柳州华力网站建设规划的主体思想、利用PHP+MYSQL数据库实现用户登录和信息反馈，以及在设计过程中所遇到的要点、难点等。
关键字：网站规划、PHP+MYSQL数据库
Abstract
With the rapid development of Internet technique in China ,more and more people use the new tech as a tool severing their life and study . Because WEB page can collect text, image, sound, animation, video together.and the hypertext property of homepage can not only make the display of information pages lively, but also make the browse of information more convenient.So,Many enterprises also make their publications online .
This page
Keyword: WEB SITE DESIGN、PHP+MYSQL Datebas
目 录
1 . 绪论
1.1 . 互联网现状
互联网的快速发展使企业可以实现快捷的信息传送以及直接的客户介入，但企业中各个系统的相对独立性使信息渠道比较混乱。企业系统中各类人员的信息渠道多种多样，互不兼容，没有一个统一的应用界面让系统使用者可以根据自己的需要获得想要的信息，这不利于电子商务应用模式的建立和开展。如何通过建立一个单独的界面给企业遍布全球的现实客户、潜在客户、供应商、雇员和合作伙伴提供全面的企业信息和应用呢？于是企业门户（Enterprise Portal）诞生了，并成为一个新的热点。
1.2 . 如何定义企业门户
目前，尚不能准确地对企业门户下一个完整的定义，企业门户与IT业有些名词一样，不同的专业人士和机构对之有不同的理解，并有很多术语用于描述企业为其客户、合作伙伴和员工的方便而采用的"门户"，如企业门户、社团门户、员工门户等。同时根据应用的具体功能不同又把企业门户细分为信息门户、知识门户和应用门户等，并且这种划分方法已逐渐得到认可。下面介绍一下这3类门户。
1.2.1 . 企业信息门户
企业信息门户（Enterprise Information Portal，EIP）的基本作用是为人们提供企业信息。企业信息门户提供了一个了解企业的访问入口，所有访问者都可以通过这个入口获得个性化的信息和服务。对企业来说，信息门户既是一个展示企业的窗口，又可以无缝地集成企业的内容、商务活动及社区等，动态地存储在企业内部和外部的各种信息，同时还可以支持网上的虚拟社区。企业信息门户强调对结构化与非结构化数据的收集、访问、管理和无缝集成，这类门户必须提供数据查询、分析和报告等基本功能，企业员工、合作伙伴、客户及供应商都可以通过企业信息门户方便地获取自己所需的信息。
1.2.2 . 企业知识门户
企业知识门户（Enterprise Knowledge Portal，EKP）是一个平台，该平台是知识加工平台、决策平台、知识与获取平台的集成，它使企业各部门职员之间的信息共享和交流更加流畅。这里的"知识"不仅包括数据库、文档、企业政策方针和过程手续等，甚至包括存在于员工头脑中的工作经验与专业技能等非具体化的信息资源。
企业知识门户是企业信息门户的延伸与发展。信息门户的重点是信息的收集、整理及传输，有效利用企业已有的信息、知识和公共关系，并能收集、分析、增值、共享信息和知识。企业知识门户的重点是企业信息的加工与处理。企业知识门户的目的是使恰当的人在恰当的时间使用恰当的知识，企业信息门户主要通过数据挖掘、数据加工技术使零散的信息成为知识，供决策支持服务。
1.2.3 . 企业应用门户
企业应用门户（Enterprise Application Portal，EAP）实际上是对企业业务流程的集成。它以商业流程和企业应用为核心，把商业流程中功能不同的应用模块通过门户技术集成在一起。从某种意义上说，我们可以把企业应用门户看成是企业信息系统的集成界面，企业员工和合作伙伴可以通过企业应用门户访问相应的应用系统，实现移动办公，进行网上交易等。
以上3类门户虽然在侧重点有所不同，但随着企业信息系统复杂程度的增加，越来越多的企业需要能够将以上3类门户有机地整合在一起的通用型企业门户，这已是一种趋势，我们在这里把它们统一称为企业门户。
最后，让我们试图通过企业门户的作用来帮助读者理解企业门户的定义。维持客户的最基本战略因素是企业整体强大、互利关系网，包括客户、供应商、合作伙伴和员工本身。这些关系的培养主要通过各方之间的相互沟通和信任感--即各方及时收到相关信息、信息准确并且服务最优。企业门户被认为能够满足这种需要，通过使用户利用方便、可靠的工具接入实现有效的信息交换。或者说，企业门户能为用户提供建设信息型企业网站的应用，包括网站生成、信息、信息管理、信息反馈、网站管理等系统，实现企业网上形象展示及对外沟通的需求。
1.3 . 有无必要建立企业门户
在国外，特别是在美国，实施企业门户战略已经被列入了许多大企业的日程表中。与国外相比，国内了解企业门户概念的企业十分少，而计划建立企业门户的企业就更加微乎其微。但是，互联网在国内的发展速度相当迅速，中国企业建立自己的门户网站，为自己的客户、员工和商提供综合的重要性不言而喻。
从网络经济的特点来看，速度和知识是网络经济的两大支柱。首先，企业只有借助于网络才能获得发展的先机，这就要看谁能够以最迅捷的动作联系客户、供应商和商，组织生产和销售。毫无疑问，企业门户是实现上述目标最有力的手段。
从资源利用的角度来看，企业门户是以最小可能成本，实现最大程度开发利用现有资源目标的可行途径。首先，企业门户将本需要占用多台不同硬件系统的应用集成到较少的系统设备上，从而节约硬件的投入。其次，减少了多种未经集成的应用软件的总体维护成本。除了新设立的企业，其他实施企业门户的企业都已有多种应用系统和以数据库、文档等形式存储的信息资源。这些资源往往条块分割，分散维护成本高昂。新的企业门户将现有的资源加以整合，并经过一定的处理，最后集成到企业门户这样一个统一的平台上，提供给更多的用户。由于它的继承和集成，企业可以实现集中维护，从而降低维护成本。第三，企业门户采用高效的互联网作为信息传输的工具，相比建设或租用线路价格低廉，同时减少了人力投入。第四，企业门户的实施可以改进企业的供应链管理，企业门户能够帮助企业实现真正意义上的零库存。
由此看来，企业尤其是大中型企业，不论是从节约成本角度还是从提高竞争力角度考虑，建立企业门户都是有效的方法。
1.4 . 如何建立企业门户
既然企业门户功效如此之大，那么企业要想建立企业门户应该如何去操作？一般来说，企业要成功地部署企业门户可按照如下几方面进行。
1.4.1 . 前期准备工作
企业在建立企业门户之前，要进行大量的信息调查工作，弄清楚企业的商业信息是如何使用的。对于大多数企业而言，这意味着要进行商业信息应用的调查和研究。调查的目的是了解谁使用信息，信息是如何使用，以及信息如何流入和流出。
1.4.2 . 产品与技术的选择
在进行完信息的使用调查之后，企业就要选择门户产品和技术。门户软件不仅要满足商业信息和应用访问的需要，还要满足事先定义的技术层面（如协议）的要求。目前，由于有相当数量的公司推出了企业门户解决方案，这为企业提供了较大的选择余地。但不可否认，目前企业门户的产品良莠不齐，功能和所采用的技术差别较大，如何正确选择适合自身企业需要的企业门户产品是一门学问，本栏目下期对此进行讨论。
1.4.3 . 企业门户的建设
选好技术和产品，接下来就是建设了。这方面需要注意的是企业信息要集成到门户有关目录之下，或安排在某个主题里，以便用户可以容易地找到所需要的信息。信息的组织及个性化，应用和服务以能够满足用户的需求为目的。
1.4.4 . 推广使用企业门户
企业门户建好了，并不意味着工作就完成了，因为建企业门户的目的是让其发挥作用。接下来就是让更多相关的用户群体来了解和使用它。在这个阶段，个性化是举足轻重的。个性化的目的是针对合适的用户群，如营销分析、财务分析、经理或商业伙伴，合理地将门户信息、应用和工具进行有针对性的设计。
2 . 网站规划设计要点
因特网正在改变世界，它促成了网络经济雏形的形成，特别是电子商务正由新概念走向实用化。由于因特网具有传播信息容量极大、形态多样、迅速方便、全球覆盖、自由和交互的特点，已经发展成为新的传播媒体，所以全球几乎各个企业、机构纷纷建立自己的Web站点。
Web站点是向用户或潜在客户提供信息(包括产品和服务)的一种方式。其文档所包含的内容是由被称为超文本(HyperText)的文本、图形图象、声音，甚至电影等组成。使这些超文本能够有机地关联并可使浏览器识别，是通过HTML语言(HyperText Markup Language超文本标记语言)实现的。同时CGI(Common Gateway Interface公共网关接口)能使Web具有交互功能。Web站点指引用户浏览该站点或其他站点上的分页信息，可以通过表格和电子邮件的连接提供双向交互方式。站点建立后，你的企业就在国内、甚至在国际上有了一席之地，有了每周7天、每天24小时的“虚拟门市部”。网站是未来企业开展电子商务的基础设施和信息平台，它是“知识经济”的制高点，企业的网址犹如企业的商标和品牌一样，是反映企业形象和文化的巨大的无形资产。
因此企业网站规划必须注意以下八个方面：
2.1 . 目标明确、定位正确
Web站点的设计是企业或机构发展战略的重要组成部分。要将企业站点作为在因特网－－这个新媒体上展示企业形象、企业文化的信息空间，领导一定要给予足够的重视，明确设计站点的目的和用户需求，从而作出切实可行的计划。
挑选与锤炼企业的关键信息，利用一个逻辑结构有序地组织起来，开发一个页面设计原型，选择用户代表来进行测试，并逐步精炼这个原型，形成创意。
分析有些网站的效果不如预想的好，主要原因是对用户的需求理解有偏差，缺少用户的检验造成的。设计者常常将企业的市场营销和商业目标放在首位，而对用户和潜在的用户的真正需求了解不多。所以，企业或机构应清楚地了解本网站的受众群体的基本情况，如受教育程度、收入水平、需要信息的范围及深度等，从而能够有的放矢。
2.2 . 主题鲜明、富有特色
在目标明确的基础上，完成网站的构思创意即总体设计方案。对网站的整体风格和特色作出定位，规划网站的组织结构。
Web站点应针对所服务对象（机构或人）不同而具有不同的形式。有些站点只提供简洁文本信息；有些则采用多媒体表现手法，提供华丽的图像、闪烁的灯光、复杂的页面布置，甚至可以下载声音和录像片段。最好的Web站点将把图形图像表现手法与有效的组织与通信结合起来。
要做到主题鲜明突出，力求简洁，要点明确，以简单明确的语言和画面告诉大家本站点的主题，吸引对本站点有需求的人的视线，对无关的人员也能留下一定的印象。对于一些行业标志和公司的标志应充分加以利用。
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关键词：毕业设计网站；高职生；毕业设计
中图分类号：G434 文献标识码：B 文章编号：1673-8454(2012)11-0073-03
一、高职生毕业设计的现状及存在的问题
1.高职生毕业设计（论文）的现状
目前，许多高职院校都采用毕业设计（论文）（以下统称毕业设计）这一方式来检验学生的综合素质与能力。毕业设计是培养学生综合运用所学的知识与技能来解决实际问题的重要环节。通过这一过程，提高学生独立分析、解决问题以及创新的能力，并达到考核学生综合能力的目的。然而，目前高职学生毕业论文内容空洞、东拼西凑、泛泛而谈、剽窃抄袭现象严重，许多人将其原因归结为管理工作不到位、指导教师的水平不高和责任心不强、学生基础差而且不重视等。这样的分析虽有一定道理，但过于简单和片面，因此，我们从以下几个角度来分析问题的根源。
2.高职生毕业设计存在的问题
（1）论文“学术性”观念偏重
许多高职生的毕业论文在目标、选题、撰写等方面，仍未摆脱学科本位的论文标准，强调毕业论文对学生科研能力的训练，讲究毕业论文的学术性、理论性。而高职院校在培养学生的过程中，应是以就业为导向组织教学活动，培养具有职业能力的学生。这就要求学生在指导教师的指导下，结合毕业实习，在进行相应的实践操作之后完成毕业设计任务。
（2）学校不开设论文指导相关课程，学生无从下手
在诸多院校的课程设置中，并没有开设论文写作课程，而是直接让高职生们直接进行毕业设计的写作。虽然有指导教师的指导，但是许多学生仍然无从下手，并寄希望于指导教师，导致过度依赖，能写出有独立见解的论文的学生极少。
（3）毕业设计与实习同时，学生异地实习，难以兼顾
目前，许多高职院校都安排学生在第三年进行实习，许多用人单位也要求学生能提前上岗，这就使得毕业设计环节难以展开。一方面，学生多分散在外地实习，距离太远，难以与指导教师交流。如若实习中途返校与老师交流，不仅耗费人力物力，也会影响学生的实习。另一方面，如若让指导教师前往实习单位进行指导，不但影响教师在校的教学任务，而且时间紧促，难以达到预期的指导效果。
（4）论文答辩形式与评分机制有待完善
现在，论文答辩的形式采用的是在校答辩，学校要求学生在规定时间前返校参加论文答辩。这与学生的实习、就业发生冲突，让学生陷入两难的境地。而论文答辩的成绩，由答辩委员会决定，答辩小组的教师们仅依据最终形成的论文进行考核，不能完成跟踪学生的毕业设计过程式考核。这样的评分机制，难以对学生的综合素质进行客观的评定。
二、毕业设计网站的作用
针对目前高职毕业设计指导中出现的诸多问题,寻求一套行之有效的解决途径势在必行。因此，我们设计了“毕业设计网络课程开发与研究”这一研究课题，并利用现代网络技术便捷、快速、效率的优势，搭建了一个毕业设计网站。本网站的关键在于对校外实习学生毕业设计进度的掌控，便于指导教师及时进行指导。实习学生通过网络访问毕业设计网站，自主更新维护个人相关信息，不仅极大地减轻了指导教师的工作量，也保证了信息的准确性和时效性。同时，利用系统提供的信息、留言系统、论坛等功能，系辅导员、毕业设计指导教师、工作站教师及学院层面都可以和学生直接进行交流，提高了工作效率。另外，通过建立完善的毕业设计数据库，可以及时统计各种相关数据，对学院的档案收集、质量评估有很大的贡献。
经过两年的试运行，毕业设计网站已逐步走上轨道。据使用过本网站的学生与教师所提交的114份调查表数据显示，师生们都普遍反映良好，如表所示。
本网站主要包含以下几个板块：（1）通知提醒。毕业设计管理规范、实施细则等重要通知，提醒学生完成各项任务的截止日期等。（2）毕业设计实施流程图。针对学校没有论文指导课程，学生对论文无从下手的问题，网站设计了一个直观简洁的图例，用以解析整个毕业设计的过程，提醒学生在写作论文过程中应注意的细节及事项。（3）毕业设计概览。提供优秀毕业设计范文、毕业设计案例教程、论文写作指导演示文稿等供学生学习、体会。（4）毕业论文工作管理。毕业设计的档案模板、成绩汇总、选题统计等都在此完成。（5）论坛。在论坛上所有的老师和同学都可以随时登录论坛发帖，对各种焦点问题发表自己的见解和看法，这种透明化、大众化的方式更有利于问题的快速解决。每一个学生的论文完成进度与过程都会在论坛上详细体现，从选题、开题报告到论文一稿、二稿直至终稿都会提交到网站上，指导教师会在学生提交的帖子上进行回复与指导。
毕业设计的整个过程，除答辩以外，都在网站上完成。初期，学生自己制定毕业设计进度，然后提交开题报告，教师在网上进行评阅，通过后才能进入下一个环节。中期，学生网上提交初稿并汇报设计情况，教师通过检查工作进度，了解毕业设计工作中存在的问题，并指导学生共同解决问题。后期，指导教师可检查各项工作的完成情况，对进度缓慢的学生根据实际情况提出改进意见，督促学生按进度完成毕业设计任务。
毕业设计网站为学生与指导教师提供了一个沟通与交流的平台，缩短了毕业指导在时间与空间上的距离，非常有效地提高了毕业设计的效率，有效地避免了学生在实习单位和学校之间来回奔波之苦。毕业设计指导网站的建设，是实现毕业设计现代化、信息化的一个重要环节。
三、依托毕业设计网站指导毕业设计的利与弊
1.毕业设计网站的优点
1毕业设计的目的毕业设计,是培养学生综合运用本专业基础理论,基本知识和基本技能分析解决实际问题能力的一个重要环节;是本专业各个先前教学环节的深化和检验.通过毕业设计,使学生在实际的电子商务(网站)系统建设,管理,维护工作中,充分利用所学的专业知识,理论联系实际,独立开展工作,从而使学生具备从事电子商务工作的实际能力.毕业设计的具体目的有:1,培养学生综合运用所学知识和技能,解决电子商务(网站)系统规划,可行性研究,系统分析,系统设计,以及电子商务(网站)系统管理中实际问题的能力;2,培养学生调查研究与信息收集,整理的能力;3,培养和提高学生的自学能力和计算机实际应用能力;4,培养和提高学生的文献检索,收集能力;5,培养和提高学生的设计,报告等编写能力;6,培养学生的创新意识,求实的科学作风以及刻苦钻研的精神.2毕业设计的基本要求l,学生必须充分认识毕业设计的重要性,严格按要求开展毕业设计工作.2,毕业设计任务应包括对实际问题的调查分析.3,毕业设计任务必须由学生本人在指导教师指导下独立进行.4,毕业设计必须有进度要求,有明确的阶段成果,并定期进行检查.5,毕业设计任务应有工作量要求.3毕业设计的选题3.1选题依据及范围鉴于,电子商务专业知识具有明显的复合性(经济管理与计算机应用技术);毕业设计,是校教育的最后一个环节,选题上应具有较强的综合性和实践性;学生是专科层次因此,毕业设计题目,应从下列几个方面中选择.⑴电子商务系统规划,系统分析,系统设计,系统实施,系统维护与管理的理论,方法和技术.⑵电子商务中的信息资源管理理论和方法的研究与应用.⑶电子商务网站系统的分析与研究.⑷电子商务网站的制作方法."电子商务"专业毕业设计指导书邱泳昱23.2毕业设计参考题目⑴试论电子商务营销策略⑵*电子商务企业组建方案⑶*商场(公司)电子商务网站策划书⑷*商场(公司)电子商务网站的设计与制作⑸*商场电子商务(网站)系统中的供应商管理⑹*网上拍卖电子商务(网站)系统的分析与改进⑺*网上鲜花店电子商务(网站)系统的分析与设计⑻*商场电子商务(网站)系统中的客户管理⑼*商场(公司)电子商务(网站)系统的支付研究⑽*商场(公司)电子商务(网站)系统的安全问题研究⑾电子商务与传统商业⑿电子商务的第三方物流问题研究3.3说明学生选题时,不局限于上述参考题目,可以根据自己的情况选择自己熟悉的背景或易于调研的问题.4毕业设计的文稿4.1文稿的基本要求1,毕业设计文稿,是考察学生毕业设计的主要依据,应由学生独立完成.2,设计要求,概念清楚,内容正确,条理分明,语言流畅,结构严谨,符合专业规范.3,毕业设计的内容,要突出自己的观点,想法和自己的做法,切忌大段的抄书和叙述与设计题目无关或关系不大的内容.4,设计写作过程中要采用脚注的形式注明有关资料,观点的来源.4.2文稿的结构1,毕业设计题目(以20字为限)2,关键字:为了便于索引,列出3—5个高度反映设计主要内容的词汇,并译成英文.3,前言:介绍所从事的课题的目标,背景和任务;所研究的领域的概况,已有的结论,成果以及存在的问题;本课题研究的主要内容及意义;如果是合作研究任务,应说明本人的工作内容以及在整个课题中的作用和关系.4,毕业设计的基本内容基本内容应紧扣选题.选题的类型不同,基本内容存在较大差异.例如,"电子商务"专业毕业设计指导书邱泳昱3选题⑶-《*商场(公司)电子商务网站策划书》,基本内容应按课本,《电子商务网站建设实例》§2.5,所列的提纲编写.选题⑻-《*商场电子商务(网站)系统中的客户管理》,基本内容应该包括:分析确定电子商务中,客户的类型(如,按是否注册分类;按付款方式分类;按地域分类等);针对不用类型客户,如何进行有针对性地进行营销(如,外地客户的送货及收款方式;广告投放策略等).选题⑽-《*商场(公司)电子商务(网站)系统的安全问题研究》,基本内容应该包括:说明电子商务(网站)中,采用的安全措施;可能存在的隐患及对策等.编写提纲是关键,应该十分重视.5,专题研究论述对毕业设计中,学生最具特色的具有创新或独到见解的内容进行进—步详细的阐述说明,要体现出学生在毕业设计中独立思考,研究的成果以及对于本专业领域的新体会和认识(注:这部分内容如不便单独列出,可并入"毕业设计的基本内容"中).6,致谢(可以没有此部分)7,主要参考文献;列出在整个毕业设计活动中所直接参考过的资料.参考文献必须在3篇以上.8,附录(可以没有此部分)需要对毕业设计进行说明的各种图表,附加说明,数据参数表格,公式推导与证明,重要参考文献摘要,重要的程序源码清单等以及不便在正文中列出的其他资料.4.3文稿的排版,装订1,文稿的排版毕业设计(文稿)排版时,章,节编号统一采用如下格式:1,1.1,1.1.1,1.1.1.1.正文中图,表编号格式为:图i.j(表i.j).其中"i"为所在章的编号,"j"为所在章内图(表)的顺序号.附录格式为:附录A,附录B,附录C.附录中图(表)格式为:图Ai(表Ai),图Bj(表Bj).2,文稿的装订毕业设计(文稿)严格按照规定的顺序进行装订,即封面,题目,摘要,目录,引言(前言),正文,结论,致谢
